On September 11, she was returning from the National Urban Forestry Conference in Washington, D.C., and an impromptu, first-time visit to New York City. At the end of his call, she says she heard Beamer say to others on the plane, Are you guys ready? In addition, a third class of known as "hybrid" microbursts has often been used to characterize microbursts that exhibit characteristics of both wet and dry microbursts. 5/4 Thu. Cashman was proud of the fact that during his 40 years with Ironworkers Local 46, he helped to construct the World Trade Center. Don grew up in South Orange, New Jersey, had an electrical engineering degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and earned an MBA from Rutgers University. The list was provided by The . Following is a partial list, released by American Airlines, of crew members and passengers who were killed in the crash Friday at O'Hare International Airport. Aeschbacher, Robert E.-American Airlines Flight officer, based in Boston, Bower, E.-Newport Beach, Calif. (bus add. 1998 - 2023 Nexstar Media Inc. | All Rights Reserved. May 24, 2019, 12:14 PM. When confronted with the hijack situation on Flight 93, Glick phoned his wife. John Talignani, a family man dedicated to his late wife and her three sons whom he helped to raise, was born in Italy and grew up in Brooklyn, New York. With more than 25 years of experience with three airlines, she was well-qualified for the role. Then he, his wife, and their young daughter planned to leave for a years stay in India where Alan would provide legal advice regarding that countrys pollution and deforestation problems. Delta Flight 191, carrying 152 passengers and 11 crew members, took off from Fort Lauderdale at 4:10 p.m., bound for Los Angeles with a stop in Dallas. National Weather Service So around the 23rd anniversary, Melody Jim and I decided to set out to first find the spot of the plane crash. With its left engine missing, American Airlines Flight 191 goes into a severe roll before crashing less than a mile away from the O'Hare International Airport runway in 1979. Among the 73 victims were 18 young American figure-skating . As a lifelong resident of Bayonne, Jane knew and loved New York City and, since retiring, traveled there weekly, introducing her six grandchildren to her favorite stores, theaters, museums, and cultural events. . Chicago Tribune. An American Airlines passenger has been accused of stealing $10,000 in cash from other fliers during a trip from Buenos Aires, Argentina to Miami, Fla. on Tuesday, according to court documents. These convective currents tend to "mix" the atmosphere and result in a decrease in the moisture content and an increase in the temperature near the surface. The flight landed safely around 2:30 p.m. local time and crew requested that law enforcement meet the flight, the airline said. Growing up in Ewing, New Jersey, Guadagno came to love animals and the outdoors, leading him to a career as a biologist with the U.S. Mesonet Observations Good-bye. Wainio was survived by her parents, stepparents, and siblings. This is the scene at the crash site where American Airlines Flight 191 went down on May 25, 1979. Submit Storm Report The passenger was "subdued by our crew and with the help of other . After eleven years in the field, she was now flying only two trips per month, allowing her time at home with her two toddlers, her teenage stepdaughter, and her husband, a pilot for US Airways. ZEPNICK, Richard A., Valencia, Ill. (business address). A junior at Santa Clara University, Bodley loved children and tutored in an afterschool program. Aug. 4, 1985 12 AM PT. Cabin. A Google Maps satellite image reveals a "ghost plane" flying above the site of a famous US plane crash which killed 273.. He was survived by his parents and a sister. But passengers might be wary of the aircraft, which crashed in 2018 and 2019 . Volunteerism, driven by deep faith, filled their retirement years. National Outlooks Tornado Climate Just home from a long-awaited trip to Europe, Honor Elizabeth Wainio was traveling on September 11 to a company-wide business meeting for Discovery Channel Stores. Los Angeles, Civilians flee embattled town of Bakhmut as Ukrainian pullout looms. Burnetts phone calls to his wife from onboard hijacked Flight 93 provided vital information to the passengers and crew and revealed the plans they were making to take back the plane. with wind gusts to 53 M.P.H. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Occupation: Retired bookkeeper and teachers aide, Reason for travel: Moving to live with daughter. Occupation: Retired Executive Director of Software Development, Bell Communications. About two years after the crash, I turned to professional counseling to get my life back on track. Minutes later, it crashed. Born in Puerto Rico, Waleska Martinez, 37, of Jersey City, New Jersey, was the backbone of the family, according to her father. L.A. Times Archives. Jockl: When we presented our family with hard cover books last September, we included a letter to them reflecting on our purpose in writing this book and what we realized and learned as a result. She was survived by a daughter. She was survived by a daughter. Loaded with 80,000 pounds of kerosene fuel for a . All 271 aboard the DC-10 and two people on the ground died. Unknown to scientists at the time, the temperature and moisture profile plotted on a diagram such as a Skew-T Log P as seen in the right panel in the figure below, is actually favorable for microbursts (dependent on whether a sufficiently strong shower or thunderstorm develop). This results in evaporation necessary to create a strong downdraft. "At approximately 3:41 p.m . Thirty-eight year old Sandy Waugh Bradshaw, a native of Climax, North Carolina, always wanted to be a Flight Attendant, the perfect career for someone who loved meeting people and traveling. F6 Climate Data When faced with the hijack situation on September 11, Bradshaw called United Airlines to report the emergency and describe the terrorists. COUGHLIN, David, Los Angeles (business address). Far less experienced than the captain, Belejeu had logged roughly 1,400 total flight hours, with 102 hours in the DH-114. Fish and Wildlife Service. The 40 passengers aboard the plane decided to fight back after learning what was going on. This is manifest in the increase in the theoretical cloud base height as can be seen when comparing the 1200 UTC (theoretical cloud base of 4,900 feet) and 0000 UTC (theoretical cloud base of 10,000 feet) data. The names of 210 victims identified from TWA Flight 800: Aikens-Bellamy, Sandra, New York Aikey, Jessica, Montoursville, Pa. Alex, Christian, France Allen, Otis Lamar . The strongest core of winds appeared to have arrived at the observation site at DFW 8 minutes later (6:25 P.M) when the observer recorded an 80 M.P.H wind gust. According to her family, the beautification of Hawaii was her profession, pride, and joy. Photos of the crew and passengers aboard United Airlines Flight 93 on Sept. 11, 2001. All 271 passengers and crew members were killed, as well as two other people on the ground. They mentored and supported many in their church and community of Spring Lake, New Jersey. Deborah Fontakis, United States. Shannon Stapleton/Reuters. Flight 1775 left Los Angeles at 9:17 a.m. Pacific time and was en route to Reagan National Airport near Washington when a passenger tried to open the main passenger door, according to the . Greene loved flying, sailing, and skiing. The Oscars will air on ABC and can be streamed on ABC.com and the ABC app as well as Hulu + Live TV, YouTube TV, AT&T TV or FuboTV. SIMMONS, R., Los Angeles area. Rivers/Lakes, Forecasts Prinair Flight 191 was a Prinair (Puerto Rico International Airlines) flight from Luis Muoz Marn International Airport in San Juan, . Imagery from the Stephenville radar indicates that the weather echoes have likely decreased from VIP 3 or "strong" perhaps downward to VIP 1 ("weak") or 2 ("moderate"). Lets roll., Occupation: Attorney with firm of Berman DeValerio Pease Tabacco Burt & Pucillo. Cushing was survived by her children. FOWLER, Carmen Linda, 36, based in San Diego, flight attendant HIEBERT. August 2, 2021 11:47am. Temperatures at 7:00 A.M. CDT were already quite mild with readings in the upper 70s ahead of the southward moving cold front. Dry microbursts develop as precipitation particles either melt or evaporate below the very high cloud base. Conversely, wet microbursts can form when very dry air at mid levels is mixed with the moist air along and inside the cloud. On the sunny Friday afternoon of May 25, 1979, the 258 passengers and 13 crew members beginning their Memorial Day weekend aboard American Airlines Flight 191 could not . These photos were taken by Michael Laughlin, 24, a student pilot on a layover at O'Hare. Its still the deadliest passenger airline accident on U.S. soil. Barbara Giannasca, United States. It was a great day finally meeting people who all in some way share in the agony of May 25, 1979. An American Airlines flight was diverted to Raleigh-Durham International Airport Wednesday due to a disruptive passenger, according to the North Carolina airport. Her family describes her as a classy lady with a strong faith who remained upbeat regardless of the circumstances. For 37 years, Bays sparkling smile and caring ways put passengers at ease. On September 11, Gronlund was traveling with her boyfriend, Joe DeLuca, to celebrate her birthday touring Californias wine country. Alan Diaz/AP. Good-bye. In a second call five minutes before the crash, the couple spoke and prayed together. Goodkid or Goodkin, Andrea; Fort Lauderdale. Local Standard Radar (KFWS-low bandwidth), Local Standard Radar (KGRK-low bandwidth), Local Enhanced Radar (Central Texas-KGRK), Equivalent Potential Temperature or theta-E, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. After the flames were doused, firefighters and rescue teams set out May 25, 1979, on the grim task to find the remains of victims amid still-smoldering debris from the wreckage of Flight 191. A native of Port Washington, New York and a graduate of Cornell University, she traveled the world and was fluent in several languages, including Latin and ancient Greek. US Dept of Commerce They said it could be done and so, by the time of the 25th we found about 20 families and the OHare chapel was filled with many airline employees, who lost colleagues on the flight, first and second responders who responded to the crash and family and friends. Mark David Rothenberg of Scotch Plains, New Jersey, was an intense, successful businessman accustomed to frequent flights to Asia for his importing business, MDR Global Resources. American Airlines Flight 191 crashes in a burst of flames less than a mile away from the runway at Chicago O'Hare International Airport in 1979. DeLuca was devoted to his parents and is remembered for his sense of humor and caring ways. Severe Thunderstorm Warnings D/FW Climate Same-day flight change allows you to confirm a seat on a different flight on your day of departure on any American Airlines and/or American Eagle flight where eligible seats are available. . From the figure above, it was theorized that the factors that drive or enhance the thunderstorm downdraft are related to the melting or evaporation of precipitation particles(hail/graupel or rain) below the cloud base (dry microburst) or entrainment of dry air into the convective cloud, creating cooler denser air that sinks rapidly through the cloud. Project Citizen allowed students to look at issues in their community, analyze public policies and try to make a difference. Occupation: Assistant Regional Director, U.S. Census Bureau. Lockheed L-1011 Tristar, the pride of Delta's fleet, flown by the airline's most experienced crews. When she called her husband from on-board the plane, she left a message saying there was a problem on the flight. The one single plane crash that is generally considered to be the deadliest happened in 1979, and that is the American Airlines Flight 191 crash. The Crash of American Airlines Flight 191. She was survived by her parents, stepparents, and siblings. With a business and computer science degree from the University of Puerto Rico, Martinez came to the States in 1987 to advance her career, but maintained close ties to her family. For a larger image of the surface map, click, or on the image itself. Though he worked long hours, Mickey, as he was known to friends and family, was devoted to his wife and two daughters. Sullivan, Nancy t., 31-La Jolla, Calif., based in San Diego. 53 years old, Tempe, Ariz., based in Chicago, captain. Capt. I grew up near OHare International Airport in Des Plaines French for by the airport, my father-in-law affectionately jokes. Click each name below to expand to read more about the lives of the crew and passengers aboard Flight 93 on Sept. 11, 2001. Although she was one of Uniteds most senior flight attendants, Bay preferred to work in the coach section. Michael W., 36, Coronado. BOWER, E., Newport Beach, Calif. (business address). She was in the midst of writing a book about the medical and scientific contributions of Ivy League university graduates. Please try another search. Jockl: As we have since 2011, we will mark the anniversary by visiting the Flight 191 Memorial in Lake Park, meet others possibly visiting, share stories and go out for lunch to let our folks know they have never been forgotten. But as he held down the button to drive the latch actuator, the voltage dropped and the actuator stopped before the hinges could move over-center. Turn Around Don't Drown, About US Burnetts wife recalls him saying, We have to do something. Catherine, 39. based in Los Angeles; flight attendant. No tool as powerful as the ITWS Microburst Detection algorithm existed prior to the late 1990s. Steinberg, Marilyn; Miami, treated and released. 4/20 Thu. SHANKSVILLE, Pa. (WHTM) United Airlines Flight 93 took off from Newark International Airport and was headed for San Francisco. Oftentimes, the lack of any appreciable cloud cover and/or precipitation results in sufficient modification of the air mass behind the front. ; Buy, gift or transfer miles , Opens another site in a new window that may not meet accessibility guidelines. Jim, Melody and I have always met somewhere on May 25, with our spouses and sometimes entire family to remember and celebrate our parents, Nudy and Bill., Jim Borchers, from left, Melody Borchers Smith, and Kim Borchers Jockl, seen here at the Flight 191 Memorial Wall in Des Plaines, lost their parents in the crash. En route to San Francisco on a last-minute business trip on September 11, Felts response to the hijacking was to place a call on his cell phone. Getty Images. Jim Borchers, from left, Melody Borchers Smith, and Kim Borchers Jockl, seen here at the Flight 191 Memorial Wall in Des Plaines, lost their parents in the crash. All 271 aboard the DC-10 and two people on the ground died. (Michael Laughlin/for the Chicago Tribune). 60 bright determined 6th graders, presented their project at the Dirksen Federal Building on May 22, 2010, and it won and went on to be a nationally recognized winning project! Calif., based in San Diego, flight attendant. Rothenberg was raised in Brooklyn, New York, graduated from Franklin & Marshall College, and went to work in the family glassware business. American Airlines flight 191, flight of a passenger airliner that crashed on May 25, 1979, near Chicago's O'Hare International Airport. The passenger was removed from the flight by local law enforcement at Raleigh-Durham International Airport, the airline said. Once on the site, we knew other people who lost a loved one should be granted the same experience, so we asked the OHare officials if we could try to find families who lost loved ones and organize a 25th anniversary in the Chapel and bring who attended out on the site. The Maryland native retired after 20 years as a Service Representative for New Jersey Bell Telephone. Melting or the subliming of ice particles or the evaporation of liquid particles can help to drive a very strong downdraft. On September 11, Fraser was flying to a grant-writing seminar in Reno, Nevada, hoping to become more effective as Executive Director of the Progressive Center for Independent Living. The figure (to the left and in the link) are courtesy of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Library. He recalls Sandy saying that she and others on the plane were boiling water to throw on the hijackers. Bill and Corrinne Borchers, parents to Kim and her siblings, Melody and Jim, died aboard Flight 191. Following this stall and loss of control, American Airlines flight 191 crashed just 1,400 meters (4,600 feet) beyond the end of the runway. SI ROTA, M. SMITH, Michael R., Washington, D.C., area. $198. American Airlines is the largest Boeing 737 Max operator, averaging over 50 daily flights. The areas of scattered clouds and light precipitation likely served to reinforce this temperature contrast. He was survived by his parents and a brother. We made good on our promise, invited Jim to join us and the 3 of us have met every Thursday, since September 2017, when I was officially retired, for Book Club. Air Quality (Waco) In addition to low level wind shear associated with microbursts, the ITWS has the capability to diagnose and extrapolate the position of gust fronts or wind shift lines that can be used to plan various runway configurations. Jetstream Weather School, Special Programs As the purser on Flight 93, Deborah Jacobs Welsh was assigned to first class. She is survived by her parents, a brother, and a sister. Heavy fog was also a contributing factor in this accident. As the name implies, little to no precipitation occurs with dry microbursts. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. An American Airlines flight from Los Angeles to Washington, D.C., had to land in Kansas City, Missouri, because of "an unruly passenger displaying erratic behavior," according to the company. Keep supporting great journalism by turning off your ad blocker. He loved American football and was a linebacker in his first year of college at Waseda University where he was an engineering student. Mark Bingham was establishing a new office on the east coast for his California-based public relations firm. MALACYNSKI, Ms. Michel, Averill Park, N.Y. MANNING, J., LOS Angeles (business address). Joe, as most people called him, retired as the Executive Director of Software Development for Bell Communications and then devoted himself to his church and his community. 2 stops Multiple Airlines. Okay. Safe Landing: A familys journey following the crash of American Airlines Flight 191., Column: For the Chicago Blackhawks remodel to work, their new house had better be built on a strong foundation, Merrillville food and beverage tax edging closer to reality, Remains found in Rockdale more than 25 years ago identified as Aurora woman, Do Not Sell/Share My Personal Information. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. After emigrating with her parents from Germany when she was six years old, Hilda Marcin, 79, settled in Irvington, New Jersey. Malacynski, Ms. Michel-Averill Park, N.Y. Manning, J.-Los Angeles (business address), Plesa, Eileen-Des Plaines, Ill. (business address), Schuster, Richard P. Jr.-Los Angeles area, Sheffield, W.-La Habra, Calif. (business address). The Weather Service Meteorological Observatory (WSMO)at Stephenville, TX, was responsible for radiosonde observations during this era of the NWS. [2] The flight was under the command of Captain Donald Price (28), a very experienced airman who had clocked approximately 8,300 total flight hours, more than 3,000 of which were accrued in the aircraft type. The pilot over-rotated the aircraft and caused it to stall at a low level and crash; three passengers and the two flight crew members died, the other fifteen passengers were injured, seven severely. Drought Monitor On Sept. 11, 2001, the Boeing 767 left Boston's Logan Airport at 8 a.m., headed for Los Angeles. Minutes later, it crashed. Poway, Calif., based in San Diego, flight attendant. Occupation: Director of Distribution Center, Kay-Bee Toys. Check out @vintagetribune on Instagram and give us a follow @vintagetribune on Twitter. SHEFFIELD, W., La Habra. Titterington, Sally Jo, 33-Bonita, Calif., based in San Diego. She attended Southampton College of Long Island University and American Universitys law school. My Tribune colleagues and I rushed to assemble stories, photo galleries and a virtual memorial dedicated to the victims in advance of the 40th anniversary of the crash. Az rintett replgp egy Airbus A300B4 volt. The Vintage Tribune newsletter is a deep dive into the Chicago Tribune's archives featuring photos and stories about the people, places and events that shape the city's past, present and future. Occupation: Retired Service Representative, New Jersey Bell Telephone. They chose American Airlines Flight 191 that had been forgotten and the need for a memorial as their project! Felt held two patents in the field of encryption technology. Can you describe what it feels like to lose both your parents at such a young age? March 28, 2012 -- The JetBlue pilot who had to be restrained by passengers was hit today with criminal charges as court documents reveal he ranted about Sept. 11 and . Udovich, Fred, 56, flight engineer-Meirose Park, 111, based in Chicago. Despite a hijacker rolling the aircraft from side . Raised in Houston, the University of Texas graduate had 15 years of marketing and sales experience, and recently left her work as a consultant at Good Housekeeping magazine in order to write a book intended to inspire women to follow their dreams. One of six siblings raised in Oradell, New Jersey, Glick graduated from the University of Rochester and married his high school sweetheart. Katz, Robert; Fort Lauderdale, treated and released. It was believed that after the hijackers took over the plane, SHANKSVILLE, Pa. (WHTM) United Airlines Flight 93 took off from Newark International Airport and was headed for San Francisco. The oldest passenger on the plane, Marcin was traveling aboard Flight 93 to live with her daughter in California for the winter months. London-Bound American Airlines Flight Returns to Miami After Passenger Refuses to Wear Mask More than 100 passengers were on the plane when it was forced to turn around an hour and a half into the . The World War II Army veteran once owned a taxi and a pizzeria, and retired after 20 years as a bartender and steward at Manhattans Palm restaurants. Thirty-one seconds after Los Angeles-bound American Airlines Flight 191 took off from O'Hare, it crashed, killing all 273 people on board. If your child will play baseball or softball this spring, youll need to stock up on appropriate clothing and equipment. Jockl: Melody and I always talked about writing the story of our journey for our kids so they would know and have all of the memorabilia 3 large bins full in one book, with our story so they would know not only the facts of how their grandparents, great-grandparents died, but how fragile life is. Wanda Anita Green was a flight attendant with United Airlines for 29 years, fulfilling a dream of flying and seeing the world. I was also graduating from college later in June. Occupation: Business Systems Specialist, Pfizer Consumer Healthcare. SPICUZZA, R., Los Angeles area. [1], Three years after the accident the NTSB was compelled to re-open the investigation into the crash, after submissions were received that the person who was suspected of driving the "unauthorized vehicle" had actually left the airport about fifteen minutes before the aircraft crashed. Green was a dedicated mother of two children, a church deacon, and active in her community of Linden, New Jersey. A memorial service on the 40th anniversary was held at the Flight 191 Memorial Wall & Garden at Lake Park in Des Plaines on May 25, 2019. The resulting explosive decompression blew out several rows of seats, resulting in the deaths of nine passengers. N. Texas Convective Parameters, Climate and Past Weather Updated. A Prinair de Havilland DH.114, similar to the aircraft involved in Flight 191's accident. Four decades ago Saturday, American Airlines Flight 191 crashed into a grassy field just seconds after takeoff from O'Hare, becoming the deadliest U.S. air disaster until 9/11. Az American Airlines 587-es jrata a New York-i John Fitzgerald Kennedy nemzetkzi repltr s a Santo Domingi Las Amricas nemzetkzi repltr kztt kzleked menetrend szerinti repljrat volt, amely 2001. november 12-n, rviddel a felszlls utn New York Queens kerletben lezuhant. What inspired you to contact and meet with family and friends of other victims? As a child, Nacke moved with his family many times, living in Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New York, graduating from high school in Philadelphia. Heavy . The name of one victim is not included pending notification of relatives. DILLARD, James R., 49, Harvard, Ill., based in Chicago, first officer. Lux, Walter H., 53, captain-Tempe, Ariz., based in Chicago. This is due to the COVID-19 pandemic essentially halting . Then she called her husband in their Greensboro, North Carolina home. Expand. Michael Laughlin, 24, a student pilot on a layover at OHare in 1979, took these photos of the DC-10 with its left engine missing. He graduated from San Jose State University in 1980 with a degree in aeronautics operations. Britton loved to tell stories and held the family genealogy in her memory. Raised in White Plains, New York, Greene held an engineering degree from Brown University and an MBA from Pace University. Richard J. Guadagno dedicated his life to protecting wildlife and the environment. Gronlund was a skilled mechanic with a passion for sports car racing. A McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 passenger plane, registered N110AA, was destroyed in a take-off accident at Chicago-O'Hare International Airport, IL (ORD), United States of America. During the hijacking, Britton phoned a long-time friend and tearfully told him it felt like her plane was turning and was going to crash. 2. (Michael Laughlin/for the Chicago Tribune). Travel was not a routine part of the job for Louis J. Nacke II, the director of a New Jersey distribution center for Kay-Bee Toys. American Airlines, Flight 191, Chicago, Illinois. Theta-E vs. Pressure profile for 12 UTC and 00 UTC data from Stephenville, TX. Current Hazards A minute later, Walter Lux, the 52-year-old captain, got the go-ahead to take off: "American 191. On September 11, Rothenberg was traveling to Taiwan. American Airlines Flight 191 was a scheduled commercial flight from O'Hare International Airport in Chicago to Los Angeles International Airport. The Manalapan, New Jersey resident was the son of Irish immigrants, grew up in Manhattan, and served four years aboard a U.S. Navy destroyer during the Korean War. Occupation: Retired President, Continental Electric Company. Did we miss a few sure, but not many. Murdoch has survived scandal after scandal. Glick, a former national collegiate judo champion and black belt, told his wife that the passengers and crew were making plans to rush the terrorists. At 3:01 p.m., the DC-10 paused for an incoming plane. An American Airlines flight to Washington, D.C., was diverted to Kansas City, Mo., on Sunday due to an unruly passenger. Contact Us N. Tex Climate OHM, Carol M., 34, based in Low Angeles, flight attendant.. Hometown: Biebelsheim, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany, Occupation: Deputy Director, German Wine Institute. They just published a book about their experiences called Safe Landing: A familys journey following the crash of American Airlines Flight 191. Its available to purchase through Long Overdue Books. As the flight was late at night, the control tower at Mercedita Airport was closed, therefore the flight crew was responsible for the landing clearance. Graphical Forecast "At approximately 3:41 p.m . Aviation Forecasts Calif. (business ad-. Linda Gronlund of Greenwood Lake, New York, was an attorney and engineer for BMW North America working as Manager of Environmental Compliance. United Airlines Captain Jason M. Dahl rearranged his September 11 flight schedule so he could take his wife to London for their upcoming fifth wedding anniversary. Recent one-way flight deals. She was an intellectual with a creative spirit and wide range of interests, including literature, drama, and writing.
Hidalgo County Elections 2022 Candidates, Craig Starcevich Wife, Articles A
Hidalgo County Elections 2022 Candidates, Craig Starcevich Wife, Articles A