nervous tissue histology ppt

Onecommonly used technique is Western blot, in which proteins are separated from one another based on molecular weight using gel electrophoresis. What is the difference between a ganglion and a nucleus? Wheater's Nervous tissues and Central nervous system, Ross and Pawlina (6th ed), Chapter 12 Nerve Tissue, Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a, Michigan Histology and Virtual Microscopy Learning Resources, Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. The outer cerebellar cortex, shown in Figure 8, is tightly folded and has three distinct layers: Purkinje cells are typically arranged in a single row between the exterior molecular and interior granular layers. Neuroglia (glial cells) (supporting cells) But what makes neurons special is that they have many extensions of their cell membranes, which are generally referred to as processes. Nueron ppt naseemmeeran 139 views . It provides somatic motor output to skeletal muscles. As a muscle contracts, its tendon transmits the force to the bone, pulling on it and causing movement in the associated synovial joint. Epithelial cells form two important histological structures within the brain; the blood-brain barrier and the choroid plexus. EM works by emitting parallel beams of electrons onto the tissue sample. Lymph nodes are distributed along lymphatic vessels, filtering lymph as it passes through. - PowerPoint PPT presentation Number of Views: 793 Avg rating:3.0/5.0 Slides: 13 Provided by: RachelA156 Category: A key difference between myelin and the insulation on a wire is that there are gaps in the myelin covering of an axon. Human anatomy is pretty straightforward. With the exception of the unipolar sensory ganglion cells, and the two specific bipolar cells mentioned above, all other neurons are multipolar. Describe the organization and understand some of the basic functions of regions of the: Observe the 3-layered organization of the, Outer plexiform (molecular) layer: sparse neurons and glia, Outer granular layer: small pyramidal and stellate neurons, Outer pyramidal layer: moderate sized pyramidal neurons (should be able to see these in either, Inner granular layer: densely packed stellate neurons (usually the numerous processes arent visible, but there are lots of nuclei reflecting the cell density), Ganglionic orinner pyramidal layer: large pyramidal neurons (should be able to see these in either, Multiform cell layer: mixture of small pyramidal and stellate neurons. View HISTOLOGY OF NERVOUS TISSUE A.ppt from BIO 001 at Holy Angel University. Nervous tissue. This is done by the use of a complementary nucleotide probe, which contains a radioactive or fluorescent label. The three-dimensional shape of these cells makes the immense numbers of connections within the nervous system possible. Ongoing research into these cells, although not entirely conclusive, suggests that they may originate as white blood cells, called macrophages, that become part of the CNS during early development. Philadelphia, Pa: Wolters Kluwer. In this article, we will introduce you to the microscopic world of histology. Peripheral nerves are bundles of myelinated nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in connective tissue (endo-, peri- and epi- neurium). Microglia are the cells in the CNS that can do this in normal, healthy tissue, and they are therefore also referred to as CNS-resident macrophages. Cerebellar . It is named after the anatomist who discovered it (Jan Evangilista Purkinje, 17871869). Author: These bulbs are what make the connection with the target cell at the synapse. The central axons are so thin that they appear as purple dots in the middle of the lighter-colored circles of myelin. A longitudinal section of a nerve looks very different than a transverse section: In a longitudinal section of a nerve (Figure 9), the axons stain darker and are visible as purple lines. NERVOUS TISSUE Nervous tissue consists of two groups of cell types: Nerve cells (Neurons) Neuroglia. Pulmonary capillaries come into close contact with the alveoli, forming the blood-air barrier. They are found mainly in the olfactory epithelium (where smell stimuli are sensed), and as part of the retina. within limits that maintain life. Tissues are routinely visualised using microscopy. ("6" in the orientation figure) a molecular layer containing dendrites of the granule cells. Contrast the differences in the histological appearance of a pyramidal cell versus a Purkinje cell. When responding to a foreign threat, immune system cells can activate non-specific inflammation or progress to a specific immune response. All rights reserved. Histology - Histology. Smooth muscle tissue appears non-striated because of the less orderly arrangement of their filaments. Neurons are usually described as having one, and only one, axona fiber that appears as a long cord emerging from the cell body and projects to target cells. dendritic) processes. Nervous tissue consists of two cells: nerve cells or neurons and glial cells, which helps transmit nerve impulses and also provides nutrients to neurons. The neuronal type is found throughout the entire human nervous system except in dorsal root/sensory ganglia. Schwann cells are different than oligodendrocytes, in that a Schwann cell wraps around a portion of only one axon segment and no others. You should also identify the dorsal and ventral horns in slide 65-1N stained with Masson trichrome. Myelin, however, is more than just the membrane of the glial cell. The cells of the genital ducts and glands produce secretions to support this process. All of these components work together to provide movement to the body. Fetal tissues are classified into two types: mesenchyme and mucoid (mucous) connective tissue. Tissues. They return this fluid to the heart, passing it through lymphoid organs. Therefore, the purkinje cell somewhat resembles a shrub or coral in shape. It relays sensory input to cerebellar cortex. Do you know why some structures stain blue (basophilic) and others pink (eosinophilic)? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Afferent, efferent, visceral and more. Due the nature of histological sampling, it is impossible to see the entirety of a three-foot-long neuron on a single slide. Neurons can also be classified on the basis of where they are found, who found them, what they do, or even what chemicals they use to communicate with each other. It is composed of densely packed epithelial cells with only a little extracellular matrix (ECM). Nerve tissue consists of 2 principal types of cells: neurons and supporting cells. adipose tissue, gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system). the peripheral nerves and peripheral ganglia. Cells that are well preserved show features characteristic of most neurons: large cell body, large pale nucleus, Nissl substance, and cell processes (most of which are dendrites). This is a tapering of the cell body toward the axon fiber. As the name implies, the cell body is shaped somewhat like a pyramid, with a large, branching dendrite extending from the apex of the pyramid toward the cortical surface, and with an axon extending downward from the base of the pyramid. The perikarya of large somatic motor neurons slide 065-2 View Image located in the ventral horn of the cord innervate the skeletal muscles of the limbs and trunk, which are embryologically derived from somites (hence, somatic muscles). Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. There are 6 classically recognized layers of the cortex: Pyramidal cells in layers III and V tend to be larger because their axons contribute to efferent projections that extend to other regions of the CNS pyramidal neurons in layer V of motor cortices send projections all the way down to motor neurons in the spinal cord! This is why doctors must take extra caution when prescribing medication to these people. The nasal cavity contains specialized olfactory epithelium, providing the sense of smell. Some sources describe a fourth type of neuron, called an anaxonic neuron. The name suggests that it has no axon (an- = without), but this is not accurate. Histology Study of Tissues Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Nervous and Muscular Tissue Intercellular Junctions, Glands and Membranes Tissue Growth, Development . Cardiomyocytes contain actin and myosin filaments just like other muscle cells, but they have some special structural and functional properties. For now, focus just on the morphology of these regions and observe the presence of three distinct layers rather than the six layers found in the cerebral cortex (evolutionarily speaking, the three-layered organization is considered to be "older," so this type of cortex is also known as "archicortex" whereas the "newer" six-layered cerebral cortex is "neocortex"). Available at theiTunes Storeand for Android users at theGoogle Play Store. Any of those processes can function as an axon depending on the conditions at any given time. This coronal section includes the hippocampus (hippocampus = sea horse), dentate gyrus, and adjacent temporal lobe gyrus (entorhinal cortex). Slides include types of epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissue and is ideal for an anatomy and physiology course. They are responsible for the computation and . Which of the following cell types contributes to maintenance of the blood-brain barrier? Below the dermis, a layer of subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is found. Table 2 outlines some common characteristics and functions. The nucleus is considered to be the brain of the cell. The delicate meshwork of dendritic processes and nerve fibers (axons) lying between cells in the gray matter is called the neuropil. Since tissues are normally colourless, applying a dye to the tissue section allows the cells and their components to be seen under a microscope. 49 Motor nerve cell - Ventral Horn of Rabbit Spinal Cord, MultipolarMotor Neuron Cell BodyView Virtual EM Slide Motor Neuron Cell Body. 48 Spinal CordWhite Matter (Spinal Cord)View Virtual EM Slide In this field you see several oligodendrocytes, the cells that make myelin in the CNS, surrounded by numerous myelinated axons of various size, cut in cross section. Neurons. The edges of this loose enclosure extend toward each other, and one end tucks under the other. Information flows through a neuron from the dendrites, across the cell body, and down the axon. True unipolar cells are only found in invertebrate animals, so the unipolar cells in humans are more appropriately called pseudo-unipolar cells. The membrane wrapped around the fascicle is called an endoneurium and is made of the loose reticular connective tissue. normal functioning and disorders of the nervous. It relays sensory input to other neurons in the spinal cord. This accounts for the name, based on their appearance under the microscope. The function of myelin will be discussed below. ("4" in the orientation figure) a polymorphic layer containing nerve fibers (known as "mossy fibers") and cell bodies of interneurons, ("5" in the orientation figure) a middle granule cell layer containing the round, neuronal cell bodies of dentate granule cells. The glial cell is wrapped around the axon several times with little to no cytoplasm between the glial cell layers. Tissues. Copyright When viewing the microscopic anatomy of the ovary, we can see that it consists of a surface germinal epithelium (capsule), ovarian follicles (cortex) and connective tissue (capsule, cortex medulla). Ross, H. M, Pawlina, W. (2011). The ovary is actually an organ homologous to the male testis, it gives rise to the gametes (ova) and steroid hormones (estrogen, progesterone). Kind of like border police, it controls everything that comes in or out of the cell. I love Anatomy. For an even more detailed view, an electron microscopy can be used. Generally, they are supporting cells for the neurons in the central nervous system. This traps and removes any inhaled dust, bacteria or foregn substances. These sections are then mounted on a glass slide, using a mounting medium as an adhesive. Additional sub-classifications are possible, based on the cell specializations. In the PNS, myelin is produced by Schwann cells, which wrap around the axon. Learning anatomy is a massive undertaking, and we're here to help you pass with flying colours. The nucleus and cytoplasm of the Schwann cell are on the edge of the myelin sheath. Histology. Muscle attaches to bone via tendons; bundles of dense regular connective tissue made out of many collagen type I fibers. These include epithelial cells, fibroblasts, neutrophils, erythrocytes, keratinocytes, chondrocytes just to name a few. Histological inspection reveals that each nerve fibre is actually composed of a large number of axons whose cell bodies reside in central or peripheral ganglia, the spinal cord or the brain. 3. In the above image, we can observe only the relatively large, triangular-shaped cell bodies of the pyramidal cells with clearly visible nuclei, parts of the dendrites, and the beginnings of axons. The nervous system can be organized in several different ways. Lining ventricles of the brain, creating CSF. The dendrites receive neural input from other neurons viasynapses (or they are specialized to receive sensory stimuli), and they transmit neural information toward the perikaryon (Law of Dynamic Polarization). There are two types of EM: transmission electron microscopy, which requires very thin sections of tissue, and scanning electron microscopy, which uses larger pieces of tissue and produces 3-dimensional images. Spermatozoa pass from the testis into the epithelial lined epididymis and ductus (vas) deferens via efferent ductules, then into the ejaculatory duct, which merges with the urethra. Any size contribution is welcomed and will help us to provide these popular review tools to students at the University of Michigan and to many more worldwide. Depending on the number of layers, epithelial tissue is classified into simple (single layered) or stratified (multi-layered). These vibrate to produce sound as air passes through them. Histology. Remember, this entire pathway is traveled by cells whose axons may be three feet long! They provide support, performing similar functions in the periphery as astrocytes do in the CNSexcept, of course, for establishing the BBB.The second type of glial cell is the Schwann cell, which insulate axons with myelin in the periphery. Above the temporal (ventral or inferior) horn of the lateral ventricle the lateral geniculate nucleus is present. For oligodendrocytes, the rest of the cell is separate from the myelin sheath as a cell process extends back toward the cell body. If you were to look at some bones on a skeleton, youd see a greyish rigid mass with some bumps and depressions. It houses information about each and every structure and process of the cell and organism, in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Why are perikarya of dorsal horn neurons smaller than those in the ventral horn? In a transverse section of a nerve (Figure 10), single myelinated axons look like little circles organized in bundles called fascicles. They can be classified as sensory or autonomic. Nonetheless, it is loosely stratified into layers containing scattered nuclei of both neurons and glial cells. Body tissues are collections of cells, grouped in the body according to structure and function. Histology of Nervous Tissue PROF. DR. FAUZIAH OTHMAN DEPT OF HUMAN ANATOMY 2 Feature of nerves tissue Type of cell neuron neuroglia General feature of neuron Type of neuroglia astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, ependymal cell, microglia Synapses Myelin formation function General structure of peripheral nerves Ganglia dorsal root ganglia autonomic ganglia This is the final course in the series that will explore special stains used in the clinical histology laboratory. Everything absorbed through the alimentary tract passes through the special discontinued capillaries of the liver before going anywhere else. Aspects of peripheral nerve embryology and clinically . Skin appendages are derivatives of the epidermis. A single axon (often called a nerve fiber) leaves the perikaryon and transmits neural signals to other neurons or to the effectororgan (e.g., skeletal muscles) via synapses. Title: PowerPoint Presentation Author: Jennifer Ann Jost Last modified by: Jeff Keyte Created Date: 10/29/2003 10:25:53 PM Document presentation . In contrast, electron microscopes work by emitting parallel beams of electrons onto the sample being observed, resulting in higher resolutions. 1. Access to the supplemental resources for this session is password-protected and restricted to University of Michigan students. They are electrically active and release chemical signals to target cells. Central Nervous System Connective Tissue Ear Endocrine System Epithelial Tissue Eye Female Reproductive System . These cells have a single, long, nerve tract entering the bottom of the cell body. Contents Neuron Nerve cell processes Synapses And impulse transmission The neuroglia Myelin sheath 2 3. Remember that the perikaryon is the metabolic support center for each neuron, so, therefore, motor neurons require much larger perikarya. Click on explore at the bottom of the page 3. There is a lot more to know about the female reproductive system. Because the axon hillock represents the beginning of the axon, it is also referred to as the initial segment. Like a few other parts of the body, the brain has a privileged blood supply. Nervous Tissue DR. DEVI 1 16-4-19 2. The four main types of stains used in histology are empirical, histochemical, enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical. The spleen on the other hand, filters blood. 2. Review the organization of the spinal cord using your atlas. Examine the gray matter on each side of the sulcus using first low and then high power. The Schwann cells (in the peripheral nerves) and the satellite cells (in the ganglia) are glial cells (supporting cells) of the PNS. And research may find much more about them in the future. Histology of Nervous TissueNervous system ppt #2. The organization and morphology of the cells shown is found ONLY in the ventral spinal cord. Read more. Where the axon emerges from the cell body, there is a special region referred to as the axon hillock. - A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as an HTML5 slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 4617df-OTVjO Water and some other small particles, like gases and ions, can enter. celiac, aorticorenal, and superior/inferior mesenteric ganglia). This method is based on the ability of single stranded DNA or RNA to merge with a complementary strand and build a hybrid which is then detected due to the label. The first step in tissue preparation for optic microscopy is fixation. Learn more about the histology of the upper and lower digestive tract. Based on the number of processes, neurons are classified into multipolar, bipolar and unipolar. Within the medulla, most axons will cross over to the opposite hemisphere of the brain from which they originated a process called decussation and then continue within the white matter of the spinal cord, before synapsing with interneurons and lower motor neurons, in the grey matter of the spinal cord. The delicate meshwork of dendritic processes and nerve fibers (axons) lying between cells in the gray matter is called the neuropil. Peripheral nerves are analogous with neural tracts of the CNS. Two nodes of Ranvier are circled in Figure 9 below. It acts as insulation, much like the plastic or rubber that is used to insulate electrical wires. It also includes important proteins that are integral to that membrane. The testes produce male gametes (spermatozoa) via the process of spermatogenesis. They are large, easily distinguishable, and have an extensive dendritic tree that is not visible in typical histology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus. This is because the liver, among many other things, is the major detoxifying machine of the body. Nervous tissue is made up of just 2 types of cells: Neurons. 3. They are stabilized by ligaments, flexible fibrous bands made of dense regular connective tissue. Satellite cells are found in sensory and autonomic ganglia, where they surround the cell bodies of neurons. Friday, August 26 Be sure you identify the white matter in bothluxol blue-stainedslide 076View ImageandTB&E-stained#076bView Imagesections, as it will appear differently in these two stains. Which are classified as grey matter? At the end of the axon is the axon terminal, where there are usually several branches extending toward the target cell, each of which ends in an enlargement called a synaptic end bulb. Description: Chapter 11 Histology of Nervous Tissue J.F. The most used tool today for examining cells, tissues and organs is optic (light) microscopy. For example, a multipolar neuron that has a very important role to play in a part of the brain called the cerebellum is known as a Purkinje (commonly pronounced per-KIN-gee) cell. Afferent nerves carry information from sensory organs to the brain, while efferent nerves carry motor impulses from the brain to the muscles.Taking location into account, the nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Did you know that chronic alcoholics have a lot more smooth endoplasmic reticulum concentrations in their hepatocytes? Chapter 1 The Cell Chapter 2 Epithelium Chapter 3 Connective Tissue Chapter 4 Muscle Chapter 5 Cartilage and Bone Chapter 6 Nervous Tissue Chapter 7 Peripheral Blood Chapter 8 Hematopoiesis Organ Systems They are highly specialized to transmit nerve impulses. The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. Cerebral cortex 3. Remember, a nerve is a bundle of axons, running in parallel, in the PNS. nervous tissue is derived from embryonic neuroectoderm The nervous system is divided anatomically into: Central Nervous System (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. It is permeable to oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases, allowing for the occurrence of gas exchange. In situ hybridisation is a method of localizing and quantifying DNA or RNA sequences. Four main groups of tissues Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous tissue. It relays sensory input to cerebral cortex. It monitors and regulates the functions of the body. They also have cilia on their apical surface to help move the CSF through the ventricular space. Each one reaches out and surrounds an axon to insulate it in myelin. 138, 7.18). Neurons are the cells considered to be the basis of nervous tissue. Review diagrams illustrating the morphology of neurons in your textbooks. Alveoli are the primary site of gas exchange. Work for the lab This website is a great way to view the tissues. The cerebellum is the part of the brain responsible for integrating input from the sensory organs to coordinate the precise, voluntary movements originally initiated in the cerebral cortex. Two large nerve tracts typically leave the top of the cell body but immediately branch many times to form a large web of nerve fibers. The arrow indicates a morphological type of neuron. Myelin is lipid-rich, and on gross inspection appears white. The name glia comes from the Greek word that means glue, and was coined by the German pathologist Rudolph Virchow, who wrote in 1856: This connective substance, which is in the brain, the spinal cord, and the special sense nerves, is a kind of glue (neuroglia) in which the nervous elements are planted. Today, research into nervous tissue has shown that there are many deeper roles that these cells play. Tissuesare classified into four basic types: epithelium, connective tissue (includes cartilage, bone and blood), muscle, and nervous tissue. The product is the magnifying power of the objective (4x, 10x, 20x, 40x or 100x) multiplied by the power of the ocular lenses (10x). Read more. Hair follicles are invaginations of the epidermis that contain rapidly proliferating and keratinizing cells responsible for the production and growth of hair. Lateral to this structure is the tail of the caudate. Your donation will enable us to update all existingSecondLook resources and to transform them into completely free Progressive Web Applications (PWA), including theSecondLookHistology apps. Confusingly, structures within white and grey matter are referred to by different terms, depending on whether they are located in the CNS or the PNS. 10:10 - 12:05 Muscle Tissue ppt | pdf WEEK 2 Monday, August 22. The tissue is sectioned thinly enough so that light can pass through it. During development, the glial cell is loosely or incompletely wrapped around the axon (Figure 6). Histology of nervous tissue1 Kifayat Khan 855 views 26 slides Nervous tissue2k1 Hatesh Mahtani 4.8k views 109 slides General histology || Nervous tissue Ali Nasser 457 views 8 slides Nervous tissue i kohlschuetter 3.3k views 25 slides Nervous tissue 1 aiyub medicine 4.3k views 90 slides Introduction to Neuropathology Cassie Porebski